Mary Midgley, one of the most profound philosophers of the 20th century, presents a compelling argument in her book The Myths We Live By(2003). She challenges the idea that myths are simply outdated or false stories, asserting instead that myths are essential to how we understand and navigate the world. Far from being relics of ancient times, myths, according to Midgley, are living, breathing constructs that shape our modern worldview in fundamental ways.
Understanding Myths
Midgley begins by clarifying what she means by “myths.” Contrary to the popular belief that myths are synonymous with lies or misconceptions, Midgley defines myths as powerful, symbolic narratives that provide frameworks for understanding complex and abstract concepts. They are not just stories from ancient cultures but are ever-present in contemporary society, influencing everything from science and religion to politics and personal identity.
For Midgley, myths are not inherently true or false. Instead, they serve as vehicles for meaning, helping us to make sense of the world around us. This reframing allows Midgley to explore how modern society is built upon a variety of myths, many of which are so ingrained in our thinking that we seldom recognise them as such.
Science and Mythology
One of the central themes of The Myths We Live By is the relationship between science and myth. Midgley argues that science, often held up as the epitome of rationality and objectivity, is also underpinned by its own myths. For example, the concept of the “selfish gene,” popularised by Richard Dawkins, is, in Midgley’s view, a myth. It simplifies and personifies genetic processes, creating a narrative that appeals to our understanding of individualism and competition.
Midgley is not dismissing science or its achievements but rather pointing out that even in the most empirical of fields, mythological thinking plays a role. She critiques the tendency of some scientists to dismiss all non-scientific worldviews as mere superstition, arguing that this is itself a form of myth-making—creating a narrative of science as the only legitimate path to truth.
The Power and Danger of Myths
Midgley is particularly concerned with the power myths hold over us. Myths are not just harmless stories; they shape our beliefs, actions, and social structures. For instance, the myth of progress—the idea that human history is a linear trajectory towards improvement—is one that Midgley examines critically. While this myth has driven technological and social advancements, it has also led to the neglect of environmental and ethical considerations, under the assumption that progress is always beneficial.
Moreover, Midgley warns against the dangers of unexamined myths. When we fail to recognise the mythic structures underpinning our beliefs, we risk becoming dogmatic and closed-minded. By bringing these myths to light, Midgley encourages us to critically examine them, to understand their origins, and to consider whether they still serve us in a rapidly changing world.
In The Myths We Live By, Mary Midgley offers a thought-provoking exploration of the narratives that shape our lives. She demonstrates that myths are not mere antiquities but are integral to our modern understanding. Through her analysis of science, progress, and other contemporary myths, Midgley invites readers to reflect on the stories that govern their own lives. The book is a powerful reminder that in a world that often values facts and logic above all else, the myths we hold can be just as influential—and just as important to scrutinise.
For those interested in philosophy, cultural studies, or simply in understanding the hidden forces that shape our perceptions, The Myths We Live By is an essential read. Midgley’s accessible writing style, combined with her deep insight, makes this book a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand the complex interplay between myth and reality in the modern world.