Mary Midgley’s “The Myths We Live By” is a profound exploration of the underlying myths and metaphors that shape human thought and culture. Midgley, a prominent British philosopher, delves into the concept of myth not as a falsehood, but as a fundamental framework through which humans interpret the world. Her work challenges the conventional dismissal of myths in favour of scientific rationalism, arguing that myths are essential to human understanding.
Midgley begins by addressing the misconception that myths are primitive or unscientific. She posits that myths are intrinsic to the human condition, providing essential narratives that help people make sense of complex realities. Myths, in Midgley’s view, are not necessarily literal truths, but symbolic representations that convey deeper meanings and values. These narratives shape our perception of the world, influencing everything from personal identity to societal structures.
One of the central themes of the book is the critique of scientism—the belief that science is the sole purveyor of truth. Midgley acknowledges the importance of scientific inquiry but warns against its elevation to a quasi-religious status. She argues that science, like myth, relies on underlying metaphors and narratives. For instance, the metaphor of the “selfish gene” in evolutionary biology is not a literal truth but a useful narrative that has shaped our understanding of genetics and behaviour. Midgley cautions that such metaphors can become restrictive if taken as absolute truths, limiting our capacity to explore alternative perspectives.
Midgley also explores the myth of progress, a dominant narrative in Western culture. This myth suggests that human history is a linear progression towards improvement and enlightenment. While acknowledging the advancements brought by progress, Midgley highlights its darker aspects, such as environmental degradation and social inequality. She argues that the uncritical acceptance of progress can blind societies to its negative consequences, urging a more nuanced understanding that recognises both benefits and drawbacks.
The book further examines the myth of individualism, particularly in its extreme forms. Midgley critiques the notion that individuals are entirely autonomous entities, separate from their social and environmental contexts. She argues that this myth neglects the interconnectedness of human beings and the importance of community and relationships. By promoting a more holistic view of human identity, Midgley advocates for a balance between individual autonomy and social responsibility.
Another significant discussion in the book is the myth of objectivity. Midgley challenges the idea that human knowledge can be entirely objective, free from personal or cultural biases. She contends that all human understanding is influenced by subjective experiences and cultural contexts. This does not undermine the value of knowledge but calls for a recognition of its limitations and the importance of diverse perspectives.
In conclusion, “The Myths We Live By” is a compelling critique of the ways in which myths and metaphors shape human thought and culture. Mary Midgley’s insightful analysis urges readers to recognise the power of these narratives and to approach them with a critical yet appreciative mindset. By doing so, we can better understand the complexities of the human condition and navigate the challenges of modern life with greater wisdom and compassion.