In “Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress,” Steven Pinker offers a compelling, data-driven argument for the continued relevance and importance of Enlightenment ideals in the modern world. Pinker, a cognitive psychologist and linguist, provides an extensive analysis of human progress across various domains, asserting that reason, science, and humanism have significantly improved the quality of life for people around the globe.
Pinker begins by revisiting the Enlightenment, an intellectual and philosophical movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasised reason, empirical evidence, and the scientific method. These principles, Pinker argues, have been the driving forces behind humanity’s remarkable progress. He contends that, contrary to the pessimism often portrayed in media and public discourse, the world is better off now than at any other time in history.
Using a wealth of statistical data, Pinker illustrates the advancements made in numerous areas, including health, wealth, safety, peace, knowledge, and happiness. Life expectancy has dramatically increased, global poverty has significantly declined, and literacy rates have soared. Pinker attributes these achievements to the application of reason and scientific inquiry, which have led to medical breakthroughs, technological innovations, and effective public policies.
One of the book’s key themes is the importance of humanism, which Pinker defines as the belief in the intrinsic worth of all individuals and the pursuit of their well-being. He argues that humanism, grounded in reason and science, has been instrumental in promoting social justice, equality, and human rights. Pinker provides evidence of progress in these areas, such as the decline of violence, the abolition of slavery, the expansion of civil rights, and the improvement of living standards.
Pinker also addresses the environmental challenges facing humanity, acknowledging that industrialisation and technological advancements have led to significant ecological damage. However, he remains optimistic, citing the potential of science and reason to develop sustainable solutions. He points to successes in reducing pollution, conserving endangered species, and transitioning to renewable energy sources as examples of how human ingenuity can address environmental issues.
In addition to highlighting progress, “Enlightenment Now” tackles the criticisms and fears associated with modernity and technological advancement. Pinker confronts concerns about artificial intelligence, nuclear war, and economic inequality, arguing that these challenges can be managed through the same Enlightenment principles that have driven past progress. He emphasises the importance of evidence-based policies, international cooperation, and the continued pursuit of knowledge to mitigate these risks.
Pinker’s book is also a defence of reason and science against the rise of irrationality, populism, and misinformation in contemporary society. He argues that the rejection of scientific consensus and the spread of pseudoscience pose significant threats to continued progress. Pinker advocates for the reinforcement of scientific literacy, critical thinking, and rational discourse to counter these trends.
While “Enlightenment Now” is optimistic about the future, Pinker is not complacent. He acknowledges that progress is not guaranteed and that the gains achieved through reason, science, and humanism must be actively defended and advanced. He calls for a renewed commitment to these Enlightenment ideals, urging individuals and societies to embrace evidence-based thinking and to work collectively towards a better future.
In conclusion, “Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress” by Steven Pinker is a robust and optimistic analysis of human advancement. Through meticulous data and compelling arguments, Pinker makes a strong case for the enduring value of Enlightenment principles in addressing contemporary challenges and continuing humanity’s trajectory of progress. His work serves as both a celebration of past achievements and a clarion call for the ongoing pursuit of knowledge, rationality, and human well-being.